George Orwells Use of Appositives in A Hanging

George Orwells Use of Appositives in A Hanging An appositive- a noun or noun phrase that identifies or renames another noun- is a handy way of adding details to a sentence. The term comes from the Latin word for placing close by, and an appositive usually appears right after the word or phrase that it renames. Youve just seen one example of an appositive- in the first sentence of this article. Here, from the opening of George Orwells essay A Hanging, are two more: We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. A few paragraphs later, Orwell lines up a pair of appositives to identify another character: Francis, [1] the head jailer, [2] a fat Dravidian in a white drill suit and gold spectacles, waved his black hand. In each of Orwells sentences, the appositive could be substituted for the noun it renames (cells, Hindu, Francis). Or it could be deleted without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. Set off by commas, such appositives are said to be nonrestrictive. In some cases, an appositive might be thought of as a simplified adjective clause (a word group beginning with who or which). This next sentence, for example, relies on an adjective clause to identify the subject, hangman: The hangman, who was a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison, was waiting beside the machine. Now look at George Orwells original version of the sentence, with the adjective clause reduced to a more concise appositive: The hangman, a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison, was waiting beside the machine. Viewed this way, appositives offer a way to cut the clutter in our writing. And that, youll have to admit, makes it a handy little device- a compact grammatical structure. NEXTFor a more detailed discussion of appositives, see How to Build Sentences with Appositives.

Verbless Sentences

Verbless Sentences Verbless Sentences Verbless Sentences By Ali Hale One of the basic grammatical rules in English is that every sentence should contain a verb. Some of Daily Writing Tips’s readers may have had sentences underlined in red at school if they weren’t a â€Å"proper sentence† – and I’m sure many of you (especially fiction writers) have had Microsoft Word squiggle a green line under a sentence saying â€Å"Fragment (consider revising).† But there are times when you may want to use verbless sentences for effect, and I would argue that in all except very formal types of writing (such as reports at work and student essays), this is entirely appropriate. Verbless sentences in fiction Fiction writers, in particular, should not be afraid of experimenting with verbless sentences – many famous authors use them to great effect. Grammatical rules tend to be relaxed in fiction (especially, though not exclusively, in dialogue) so if your style lends itself towards writing choppy or stark verbless sentences, give it a try. These are the opening sentences to several paragraphs in Chapter Two of Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale.) A chair, a table, a lamp. †¦ A window, two white curtains †¦ A bed. †¦ Verbless sentences in blogging Another medium where verbless sentences are often entirely appropriate is in blogging. Most blogs are informal and conversational, written like a friendly letter to the reader. Just as novelists do, bloggers can use verbless sentences for effect – often grabbing the readers’ attention. The online form also means that short, snappy sentences are most likely to engage a reader – and leaving out verbs can accomplish this. Here’s an example from the Men with Pens (the last sentence is verbless): He thought I was joking. â€Å"Dude. They’re seriously not sold in pairs. Who just uses one?† â€Å"Jeez. They obviously employ geniuses in their marketing department.† Or crooks. Verbless sentences in opinion articles Even if you’re writing for a traditional publication – perhaps a newspaper or a magazine – you might be able to get away with using the occasional verbless sentence. Opinion pieces, in particular, tend to be popular due to the writer’s unique style – and this may involve a blog-like chatty tone. Here’s an example from Robert Crampton, who writes the popular Beta Male column in the UK national newspaper The Times. The cash haemorrhage continues. A raffle. Another raffle. A fiver on the final score. A fiver on the first scorer. A fiver on the last scorer. If you take care to make sure each of your sentences is a â€Å"proper† one, then give yourself permission to experiment today. In the next piece of fiction you write, or the next article for a blog or magazine, try using a few verbless sentences. If you’re not sure how to do this, here’s a few examples: She asked, â€Å"Have you done the laundry yet?† Fat chance, I thought. She asked, â€Å"Have you done the laundry yet?† Fat chance. I went through the mental check list again: lunch boxes, water bottles, swimming towels, keys, change†¦ Lunch boxes. Water bottles. Swimming towels. Keys. Change†¦ Danny rides his bike up to the shore, and stares out at the waves. They’re crashing close. The tide’s coming in. Danny rides his bike up to the shore, and stares out at the waves. Crashing. Close. The tide’s coming in. Let us know how you get on! And if you’re a stickler for putting a verb in every sentence, and think this rule shouldn’t be broken, please do add your thoughts in the comments. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsThrew and Through

The role of Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The role of Total Quality Management - Essay Example The origin of TQM is attributed to Dr. Edwards Deming and Walter Shewhart on statistical control techniques (SCT) that aimed at identifying and managing quality variation in production processes (Charantimath 2006). Charantimath (2006) asserts that TQM extends beyond statistical quality control to incorporate other soft elements such as need for quality employee training, teamwork, integrated processes, supplier quality, employee empowerment and proper leadership, climate of trust and open communication in the organisation. Total quality management has enabled large franchises like Starbucks and McDonalds manage variations in their product, service quality, and attain higher customer satisfaction. Total Quality Management is useful in large franchises such as Starbucks and McDonalds since TQM since customer satisfaction is the ultimate measure of quality and all customers are viewed as owners of the quality. According to Charantimath (2006), the large franchises require continuous improvement and TQM uses analytical tools and employee involvement in determining the quality innovations and improvement ideas that are critical in improving the customer satisfaction. Accordingly, TQM requires visible, consistent and enabling leadership by the management in order to sustain continuous improvement in order to attain competitive edge and overcome competition in the market (Rao 1996). TQM is essential in enhancing the corporate public image since it demonstrates the organisational commitment to delivery of high quality products to the society. The stakeholders will be aware of the initiatives that the organisation has undertaken to improve quality such as continuous improvement and addressing of the customer complaints thus leading to higher customer satisfaction and reduction of costs associated with marketing and addressing customer grievances (Charantimath 2006). TQM improves overall customer satisfaction through understanding and production of

Letter Requesting university to allow the reenrolment of the student Essay

Letter Requesting university to allow the reenrolment of the student who has failed the subject twice - Essay Example The only excuse for me is that there are great differences between educational standards of two counties and organization of the education process. During the first year of study, things were really different for me: I was deprived friends and family support. I had no one to give a piece of advice and emotionally support me. Within my class, I did not have a true friend to analyze and compare my educational progress and achievements. My life resembled a snow ball: one problem caused another problem, etc. It seemed reasonable to expect that there would be cross-cultural differences in homework preferences similar to learning style preferences. But I learnt the same way as I had taught it in my native country. I am grateful to Professor Antony who directs and supports me in my professional growth and career development. Professor Antony advised me to work with a construction company as an architect in order to improve my academic results and skills. On holidays, I went back to my home country, India, and worked under an architect office for two months. During this period, I worked hard on my weak areas due to which I was facing academic difficulties. I understand that there is growing need for highly trained staff specialists, as well as for architects to coordinate the work and construction projects. I am very serious about my career and this year is crucial and precious time for me. I ask you for a chance to continue education and develop strong personal skills and values important in my profession. Every vocation has its peculiar satisfactions and frustrations, when considered from the viewpoint of routines and rewards. If you give me a chance to re-enrol, I will take into account all my weak areas and previous problems: 1) my attendance is going to be 100%; 2) at least a week before or 4 days before, I will complete my submissions and show them to the tutor for his review; 3) as I already mentioned, I have worked on my weaknesses so I will not have any difficulties during this course; 4) by now, I am very comfortable with Australian cultural environment, and therefore will be making more friends within a class with whom I can compare my work and progress; 5) instead of working at home for my submissions, I will work on studio or cad so I can mix with other students and can compare my progress. In order to meet the challenge, it is important to compare your progress with other students. This plan will come true only if I could get your support at this last year of my studies. If still I find I am not suitable for this course I will withdraw from the course myself. From time to time, all of us have some difficulties and problems in our life and we really need a helping hand to solve these issues. In difficult life situation, every person needs a chance to prove his professional and personal strengths. This year was a real trial for me, but I achieved personal and professional growth. Please re-enrol me to prove I am a worthy student of the University. Please give me a helping hand at this difficult period in my

Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography Essay Similar to Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography and Frederick Douglass in his Narrative, Pip in Great Expectations also demonstrates the archetypal boyhood to manhood narrative. Each story recounts a journey of growth and development, of maturation and self-discovery through experience. In addition, the protagonist of each novel has a purpose which directs his actions and decisions throughout the course of his journey. However, one significant difference exists between the two historical characters and the fictitious Pip-while Franklin and Douglass both strive for realistic and self-improving goals, Pip, like his imaginary character, entertains an idealistic dream. Pip desires to leave his former social class as a common boy and advance in life as a gentleman. This idealism quickly consumes Pip and becomes both the thematic center of the novel and the psychological mechanism that encourages much of Pips development. Ironically, many instances in the novel show that the symbols and figures of the wealthy class that Pip idolizes are in fact his greatest tormenters. From their unfavorable effects on Pip such as abuse, pain, and unhappiness, manifests the idea that social standing does not determine ones happiness and well being, and most importantly, ones self worth. Even before Pip becomes a member of the wealthy class, his mere exposure to it initiates a procession of pain brought about by physical, verbal, and emotional abuse. Miss Havisham, despite her eccentricity, represents the class, wealth, and advancement that direct Pips actions and emotions for a large portion of the novel. Upon hearing about Miss Havishams desire to see Pip, Mrs. Joe pounced upon [Pip], like an eagle on a lamb, and my face was squeezed into wooden bowls in sinks, and my head was put under taps of water-butts, and I was thumped and rasped, until I really was quite beside myself (52). Dickens clever use of violent rhetoric such as pounced, squeezed, and rasped and the metaphor, like an eagle on a lamb paints an unpleasant predator-to-victim scene in the readers mind. Mrs. Joes ecstatic reaction over the idea of Pips opportunity to befriend the wealthy class makes this scene the novels first hint of social advancement that will later consume Pips life. Consequently, Mrs. Joe becomes the first instrument of the upper class to inflict pain on Pip, carried out by the violent and painful bath. The physical abuse Pip endures here, so early in his childhood, also foreshadows the misery and pain he will later encounter among the upper classes. Moreover, closing the scene with my ablutions were completed (53) presents a resemblance between the simple bath and a ritual cleansing. The word ablution is most often associated with biblical allegories where priests were required to cleanse themselves before approaching the altar of God. Dickens word choice here seems to imply that Pips violent bath was necessary not only in cleansing him, but ridding him of the soil from his common life that might taint those in higher places. This bath scene serves as the novels first subtle but significant example that involvement with the upper class does not determine well being. The pain Pip endures from his first exposure to the upper class alerts the reader that an apparently positive development in his life (Miss Havishams invitation to her world) may have results to the contrary. Apart from physical abuse and torment, Pips first interactions with the wealthy class also cause him to suffer emotionally. The general magnificence and grandeur of Satis House exists not only as a symbol of the lives of the upper class, but as a symbol of Pips romantic perception of the upper class as well. In this aspect, it is also a source of misery for Pip and he realizes, daylight never entered [Satis House] and under its influence I continued at heart to hate my trade and to be ashamed of home (125). The ornate grandeur of Satis House has raised in Pip a new consciousness of his own low birth and common bearings. After his first visit, he even lies about his experience there, unwilling to sully his thoughts of it with the contrasting plainness of his every day world, for it must remain far above the level of common doings (72). Pips first visit to Satis House is a momentous event in his life. It raises in Pip an awareness of social contrast, robs him of his youthful innocence and sense of fulfillment and thus, further exemplifies the misery that is inherently linked with representations of the upper class. With the introduction of Miss Havisham and Satis House, the character Estella moves to the forefront of the novel as the ultimate symbol of Pips unattainable dream in Great Expectations, and the greatest cause of his sufferings. Ironically, Estellas condescension and spite matches Pips feelings about himself in the world of Satis House. He accepts her condescension, Why, he is a nothing but a common laboring-boy! (60), without defending himself because he idealizes Estella and sorrowfully believes her to be right. This is particularly evident during times when the difference between their social classes manifest itself in the smallest things, I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before her contempt was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it (60). Moreover, Estella consistently refers to Pip as Mr. Pumblechooks boy (58), silly boy (266), or simply boy, using any word but his real name. This is a form of verbal abuse because it ultimately degrades Pip to a gender with no unique identity. Estella practices a deliberate cruelty on Pip that wins his deepest love and causes him to develop a passionate but unrequited devotion for her. This is one of the harshest examples of the pain and torment Pip must endure as he interacts with the upper class. Through these accounts, it becomes evident that social standing and wealth does not always determine well being. In fact, it may accomplish just the opposite-physical pain, emotional disturbance, and misery from the knowledge of ones common bearings. Even when Pip becomes a gentleman and is received by society, there is a sharp decline in his confidence and happiness that accompanies this rise in social status. Pips unofficial entrance into the world of a wealthy gentleman can be marked as the event where he put on a real gentleman suit. Interestingly, Pip describes, after this memorable event I felt rather like Mother Hubbards dog (152). While a notable occasion such as this would have naturally allowed for happiness and celebration, Pip instead compares his elevated social standing to a common animal of a childrens poem. The demeaning effect of the suit, versus its intended dignifying effect, not only foreshadows the unsatisfactory life Pip will lead as a gentleman, but poses further doubt on the hopes and ideals Pip holds of the wealthy class.

GlenGarry Glen Ross :: essays research papers

Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glen Gary Glen Ross I thought was interesting. There were many different kinds of characters in this film. The salesmen in this movie are all after the same goal money and power. There is a constant competition between the salesmen to see who can close more deals to earn the top leads. The Glen Gary leads are the best leads and they become the symbol in this movie. They symbolize the greed that is in each one of these salesmen’s eyes. In the movie there are bosses and managers standing in the way of the men achieving their goals. The head boss played by Alec Baldwin has the most power in the company because he is the owner of the company. He is a cocky man who shows off his power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first scene of the movie, Alec Baldwin’s character is in the office with the three other salesmen. Alec being that he is the boss is talking down to the employees and treating them like garbage. Alec talks to them this way because money and power has taken over his body. He has no idea what employee moral means. He gets a kick out of treating people like this. When the employees respond to him he makes a smart remark and yells at them. He acts this way because he knows that they will follow anything he says because he is the boss. When Jack Lemon’s character questions him about something Alec tells him off because Alec does not want to hear any complaints. Alec just wants the job done and if they cannot do the job he will find people that can. Alec is screaming at them to try to get them to comply with his orders and if they do not he will fire them because he does not need employees slowing him down.

Brief Analysis of Music Essay

In Joel and Ethan Coen’s unique take on referencing Homer’s Odyssey in the form of a 1930’s Great Depression comedy-adventure film, â€Å"O Brother, Where Art Thou? †, the most noticeably intelligent attribute was the genius song and music choice that, in more ways than one, dictated scene build-up, characteristic, and transition, thus keeping the theme of the â€Å"old-time,† old-country† atmosphere well intact throughout. The variety of American roots music songs used in the scenes gives cinematic emphasis to the characters’ circumstances and plot situations. Moreover, the assortment highlights the realness of time and setting presentation in telling the story of trio convicts and just where, when, and how their adventure unfolds. Brief Analysis of Music Selection in Joel and Ethan Coen’s â€Å"O Brother, Where Art Thou? † As the film opens with a lengthy line of hard-toiling inmates along the rail-road iron linings, collectively and heavily chanting verses from a rather hauntingly soothing blues tune entitled â€Å"Po Lazarus† (Track 1), the audience is at once audio-visually oriented and introduced into the state of the times, surroundings, over-all atmospherics, and mood of the film. The relative simplicity of life through the rather depressed and trying times is kept through notable scenes. An example of which is when the odd trio of Ulysses Everett McGill, Delmar O’Donnell, and Pete, together with Cousin Wash, all enjoyed an after-meal, quality-entertainment radio offering via Norman Blake’s country classic â€Å"You are My Sunshine† (Track 3). Moreover, the music presented in each of the scenes not only offers musical genre variety of roots country and folk, blues, bluegrass, gospel, and much in between through certain scene transitions, but more importantly highlights the tone of each separate scene in between dialogue, one distinct from the other, effectively and memorably. An example of this was the on-going quarrel of Everett and Pete which was overshadowed by the mass baptismal gathering and singing of a traditional gospel hymn â€Å"Down to the River to Pray† (Track 4), wherein all except Everett opted to clean his spiritual slate. Another was the scene seduction by the sirens, which is musically accompanied with â€Å"Didn’t Leave Nobody but the Baby† (Track 10) by Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, and Gillian Welch, and also with Tommy’s would-be hanging in the sound of â€Å"O Death. † All of these scenes are observably different from one another, but the rather musically enchanting versed sung melodies even give the scenes both an emotionally accessible and later-on cinematically nostalgic feature which stays with the viewers even after the film is over. The song selection provides the proper build-up, eventual transition through, and even main story twists which fuel the story’s eventualities. An example of this was when the trio headed to a local radio station in hopes of garnering a means of self-financial aid, they sang â€Å"Man of Constant Sorrow† (Track 7), disguised on the airwaves as the â€Å"Soggy Bottom Boys† accompanied by musically skillful, guitar-equipped Tommy Johnson—who played a particularly important scene role for the film’s story. The song performed was not only quite entertaining, but its definitions also constituted what a traditional American folk song truly is, which gave the scene much credibility and realness in every extent. The music also provides the film with a sense of scene consistency without compromising the story and, as the quality of song recordings are kept to its truest form even more enriching the old-time aspect of the film. As Evan Cater (2009) points out, â€Å"These recordings, which were made without the meddling clarity of digital technology, give the film much of its power and authenticity† (n. p. ). The excellent selection and execution of music and scene inter-play gives the film a characteristic of its own and none like other. References Burnett, D. (2000). Man of Constant Sorrow [D. Tyminski, H. Allen & P. Enright]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Cater, E. (2008). O Brother, Where Art Thou?. AllMusic. com. Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://www. allmusic. com/cg/amg. dll? p=amg&sql=10:hifixqu0ldse. Coen, J. (2000). O Brother, Where Art Thou?. California: Touchstone and Universal Pictures. Davs, J. & Mitchell, C. (2000). You are My Sunshine [N. Blake]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records Harris, E. , Krauss, A. , and Welch, G. (2000). Didn’t Leave Nobody but the Baby [E. Harris, A. Krauss, G. Welch ]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Lomax, A. (2000). Po Lazarus [J. Carter]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Traditional (2000). Down to the River to Pray [A. Krauss]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Traditional. (2000). O Death [R. Stanley]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being the Only Child Essay

What are the pros and cons of being the only child? There are some options in this subject. Some children feel well withouth siblings but others dream about a brother or a sister. One of the main advantages of being the only child is that your parents pay attention only to you. You are the most important person in their lives. Parents do everything for you. For example, if you want a new toy or some clothes they go to a shop and just buy it for you. Moreover, you have everything for yourself. You do not have to share the room, the computer and any other things. What is more you get more presents or more money. In addition to that, there is no person to quarrel with. You are alone and no one can take your things and do something wrong with them. No one disturbs you. You are a family ‘pet’ and you get all parential love. On the other hand there are also some disadvantages. First of all, the only children are very spoiled and selfish. They are used to thinking that they are the most important people so they must have everything only for themselves. When something is not going according to the way they planned it, they get angry. But it is not all. Being the only child means that parents put preassure on you. You have to still prove that you are the best. You have to het a A for every classroom test otherwise your parents will be disappointed with you. Last but not least, the only child may sometimes feel lonely. Other children can go out with siblings – for example to a disco, to friends or even to school. The only child must go solitary or with friends, although it is not the same. They have nobody who can borrow them some clothes or other things. To sum up, being the only child has many advantages but also a lot of disadvantages. Being such a child can be good, although in my opinion these people feel lonely and sad. Personally, I do not want to be the only child.

The Godfathers management

The Godfathers management Introduction Principles of management are inclined in management concepts and theories to ensure successful management is achieved. The essay will integrate management principles and theories in ‘The Godfather’ movie to help us understand the degree to which management practices and applied.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Godfather’s† management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Management principles vary from organization to organization and are regarded as necessary and helpful components of successful management. In striving to reach organizational goals and utilizing scarce resources, the analysis compares and contrasts leadership and management skills in an effort to accomplish these goals. To achieve this, management processes have been divided into principles that include ethics, decision making, planning, organizing, team building, culture, motivation influencing and contr olling and leadership. Motivation Lamp (1968) analysis provides that good leadership skills are valuable resource in an organization and in employees’ lives. The movie ‘The Godfather’ (1972) covers the main principles of management and presents concepts and theories very prevalent in day to day running of organizations. Motivation plays an important role in creating and influencing the opinion of employees in an organization. It does this by linking the ideas of the organization with their employees whereby the manager pass down their themes to their team members hence changing the way they perceive certain issues. Sound management requires strategic planning and setting of an organization in combination with the coordination and assembly of resources and employees with the goal of reaching objectives. According to Lamp (1968) there exists a direct relationship between motivation and what the employees are giving the organization. In this relationship the role of manager employee is to generate information from a chain of relations and influences and the role of the managers is to infer and evaluate the information from the employees and generate other information external of the media perspectives. Sound management requires strategic planning and setting with the coordination and assembly of resources and employees with the goal of reaching organization objectives. Collaborative efforts from employees and other resources alongside what Lamp (1968) states as â€Å"knowing what you want people to do, then getting them to do it in the best way† (p.1) is required of good management and leadership skills in influencing goals in an organization. In relation to The Godfather (1972) movie Don Corleone argues to Sollonzo that†¦. I said that I will see you because I had heard that you were a serious man, to be treated with respect. But I must say no to you and met me give you my reasons. It’s true I have a lot of friends in politi cs (1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve this, management processes have been divided into principles that include ethics, decision making, planning, organizing, team building, culture, motivation influencing and controlling and leadership. Recent research efforts by Sinclair (2004) suggests that management is a continuous process and the mentioned principles are interwoven throughout management functions and requires careful coordination in order to maximize their value. It is important to note that these principles are universal and effective and efficient application of them will provide best practices. This is as result of their capability to reach a broad range of organization functions with a powerful and transforming message. Planning and Decision Making Planning requires adequate arrangement of organization goals and planning on how best to achiev e them. It requires allocation of particular tasks to employees and instructions on how and when they will be performed. In essence, planning provides a conceptual framework in which an organization outlines its objectives on how to be successful. Although this may take time, collaboration and coordination among employees and expertise is required. Sinclair (2004) succinctly states that â€Å"Effective planning takes effort and ability to take broad objective view† (p.1). He further classifies decision making among the central element of planning when he stated that â€Å"it involves selecting the best course of action to achieve success† (p.1). In relation to this statement, Michael talks to Johnny Fontane in The Godfather (1972) movie that†¦ Corleone family is thinking of giving up all of its interest in the olive oil business, setting out there. Now, Moe Greene will sell us his share of the hotel and the casino so that it can be completely owned by the family. Tom (1). Michael adds in another statement that†¦Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Godfather’s† management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I’ll make him an offer he can’t’ refuse. You see Moe, Johnny, we feel that entertainment is going to be a big factor in drawing gamblers into the casinos. We’re hoping that you’ll sign a contract agreeing to appear 5 times a year. Perhaps convince some of your friends in the movies to do the same. We’re counting on you, Johnny (1). This quote clarifies that organizing to own the hotel and Casino by Corleone family is a planning process and decision making in relation to signing a contract to be part of the business is itself connected to management theory. Planning is indeed the foundation and the central element required for the success of any organization. Since it’s interrelated to other principles, Sinclair (2004) suggests the following planning process to be of paramount importance in providing best practices. Proving clear organization objectives to enable proper planning. Proposing alternative strategies of reaching company objectives Develop several assumptions upon which each alternative will be based Selecting the best alternative for arriving at organization objectives Strategizing plans to pursue the selected alternatives To balance the principle of planning, managers are required to put their plans into action-organizing can not benefit until the plans are put into action; both short plans are put into action; both short plans and long plans. Organizing Organizing can be defined as allocation of tasks to various individuals and groups. Simply put as putting plan into action, assigning tasks to different individuals contribute to achieving organization goals. Sinclair (2004) also mentions that using resources appropriately and developing tactual plans to reach organi zation goals is a first way of activating plans. Since organizing is another way of getting acquaintance with the organization and people, Sinclair (2004) mentions the following steps to be of paramount importance in organizing process Making references to previous plans and objectives Establish major responsibilities in an organization Sub-dividing major tasks into small units as a strategy to help employees get to the details Allocating resources to different people and departments in form of work groups, committees and teams. Performing an end year evaluation of the company’s objectives Coordination is another primary organizing objective that ensures efficiency and effectiveness of a manager. Sinclair (2004) further mentions the benefits to include better organization in resource management, supports initiative development and responsibility, while maintaining discipline and states clear duties. Communication Communication is a way of influencing people or guiding the a ctivities of organization members’ towards certain strategic direction. Influencing has also been mentioned by Sinclair (2004) as way of â€Å"motivating, directing and leading† (p.1). Communication is among the top considered strategies in management process with the ultimate goal achieving organizational goals. Communication goals should align with organization objectives regardless of their predefined objectives such as increased productivity, money surplus and increase livelihoods. Sinclair (2004) observes that â€Å"a manager must have the ability to influence employees to accomplish these goals and missions of the organization† (p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In communication flow, The Godfather (1972) quotes†¦ I have a sentimental weakness for my children and I spoil them, as you can see. They talk when they should listen. Anyways, Signor Sollozzo, my no to you is final (1). It can be said that people will always be influenced by communication in a number of ways but however, this hinges on what the target employees want to get from working in an organization. Effective communication and efficient feedback system are among the best management principles required of an organization. The idea could be established that communication skills such as an effective communicator plays a significant role in ensuring organization accomplish its goals. This helps employees with understandings critical issues that managers feel their target departments ought to know. Sinclair (2004) elaborates his point by stating that â€Å"good manager should realize that employee’s need information to do their jobs and aren’t afraid to share t hat information and knowing the value of feedback and keeping the doors open for feedback system from employees† (p.1) is of primary importance. Motivation Analysis A renowned scholar, Sinclair (2004) urges organization to practice motivation by first knowing employees needs are. He mentions the following motivation programs to include aspects such as; 1) variable pay programs coined in Expectancy theory and Equity theory, 2) recognition programs coined in the positive re-enforcement theory and; 3) management by objective program aligned in goal setting theory. Sinclair (2004) further mentions that management by objective requires motivation program based on goal setting. A sound organization relies on motivators in delivering their objectives to employees. In this regard motivation can be seen as extensions of man due to its capability of extending what managers want to tell, communicate, hear information, and to access efforts that can not be accessed without it. As result o f the use of motivation in maximizing employees’ capabilities, competition has in essence made the world a global village. In this regard, the goals to achieve certain objectives should be; 1) mutually agree upon 2). Be difficult and realistic and achievable at the same time 3) have defined time-frame, measurable (objective and budgeted) and 4) provide means for feedback system. Goal setting theory, Sinclair (2004) states the following objectives to be of paramount importance â€Å"1) hard goals result in a higher level of individual performance 2). Specific hard goals result in a higher level of performance than do no goals or generalized goals 3) Feedback system whether positive or negative on one’s performance leads to higher productivity† (p.7). Recognition programs Sinclair (2004) defines employee recognition program as â€Å"one of the most powerful workplace motivators and that they consistence with the reinforcement theory since they reward a behavior b y recognizing it immediately† (p.5). In essence rewarding an effort following a behavior is likely to encourage its repletion. Sinclair (2004) re-emphasizes the point by stating that â€Å"people tend to do that which they get rewarded for doing† (p.5). Employee recognition programs use multiple resources and recognize both individual and team accomplishments. By simply recognizing employee superior performance requires little effort and normally costs no money. Sinclair (2004) quotes that â€Å"quality circles or employee involvement programs are forms of participative management activities and regarded as good ways to get people involved† (p.5). Also included are variable pay programs as mentioned to include piece work plans, commission sales, gain-sharing programs, profit-sharing programs. Variable pay program is simply put as converting fixed costs into variable costs. Sinclair (2004) also mentions opportunity to gain permanent employment as the greatest moti vating factor as it increases hope of becoming company’s primary asset and the ability to develop salable skills. Some employees are motivated by freedom and work variety that temporary employment provides. Evidence shows that professionals being motivated by the work itself. The challenge and problem-solving of the job provide the incentive to perform at a higher level. Professionals like the autonomy to follow their interest and to structure their own work. A goal that is difficult but achievable. Mutually agreed to, specific, and provides feedback will provide stronger motivation than an easy goal such as ‘do your best’. Recognition programs provide strong motivational reinforcement in the workplace. Quality circles are a form of participative management based on the theory that workers are more motivated if they can participate in the decision of the organization. Variable pay programs such as piece work, gain-sharing and profit-sharing offer incentives as a means to motivate workers (Sinclair 7). Motivation is one of the critical and the most applied functions in the modern management. To retain employees, the responsibility of a leader in an organization is to come up with strategies on how employees can be motivated. And because globalization is persistently increasing pressure for increased productivity and specialization, the most preferred way to utilize scarce resources is motivation. Lamp (1968) provides motivation to be is very popular in management circles where he redefined the function to be motivation in its traditional sense to mean â€Å"the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals† (p.1). Since it’s a critical factor in judging how effective management cycles are performed and productivity is achieved, leadership skill that considers how production factors and people are motivated is of crucial importance. To do this, a manager is required to consider the following factors motivat ion; 1) participative management and 2) interpersonal competence. Good leadership skills are oriented by high-task and high-relationship oriented and required recognition for self-actualization, a strategy that is deeply embedded in people and production. In essence, Lamp (1968) quotes that â€Å"the distinction between motivation and job satisfaction should be established to rule out the misconceptions about the relationship between productivity, job satisfaction and motivation† (p.2). Lamp (1968) puts it that â€Å"in the long run a minimum level of satisfaction is considered necessary and should be maintained† (p.2). This change is best evident in the following theoretical models on productivity-satisfaction relationships as developed by Lamp (1968). Lamp (1968) stresses his point where he stated that â€Å"employee satisfaction does not necessary lead to high employee performance, while high productive employees are not necessarily the highly satisfied employeesâ €  (p.2). And further adds that effective management to entail both productivity and satisfaction functions. According to Lamp (1968), regardless of manager’s motives, the productivity and satisfaction ought to be purported in a way that is interesting to the employees so as to draw their interest and employ their thinking. Here, there different factors of productivity and satisfaction depend on the following things; 1) resource utilization 2) employees’ ability to perform, and; 3) employee willingness to work or motivation that stimulates them to perform. A few individuals may claim that motivation is not sole determinant of productivity since certain effect may not be desired, or that the manager may not even be aware of the manipulation Ideally. Some argue that motivation is a determinant of crucial importance and without it employees may be demoralized. Lamp (1968) requires the theory of motivation-to-work to be able to answer the following questions; 1) the rea son behind employees choose particular occupations, 2) why people work, 3) why people choose to work with particular companies, 4) why employees use their abilities at maximum, and; 5) why employees decide to move to other organization for better positions. Since ach set of questions requires its own determinant, Lamp (1968), redefines motivation as â€Å"an entire class of drivers, desires, needs and wishes† (p.4). He further explains that â€Å"it is essentially a process by which an individual attempts to satisfy certain needs by engaging in various behaviors† (p.4). This in essence changes the opinion of the society on those issues and thereby acts as agent of societal change. Lamp (1968) argues that â€Å"a motivated behavior is goal oriented, sustained, and is a result from internal needs and drives† and â€Å"most work behaviors are motivated† (p.4). Lamp (1968) further defines a motive as â€Å"an internal drive that arouses, directs, and integra tes a person’s behavior† and that â€Å"motives can be inferred from the behavior† (p.5). The Braham Maslow was among the initial authors who related motivation with human behavior needs when he classified them within need of hierarchy framework. Theories of motivation Lamp (1968) observes that motivation functions as a system of motivating employees and representation to the organization at large. Based on the concept of needs, theories of motivation have the role of encouraging, recreating, and of educating, and instilling members of the society with the opinions, perceptions, and norms of behavior that integrates them into the principles of the organization as a whole. In his opinion Lamp (1968) argues that â€Å"the important driving force is the degree to which individual values certain rewards or second-level outcomes- or what needs are operating at what strength to motivate the individual’s behaviors† (p.5). It is obvious here that Lamp links motivational factors to the following employment theories; valence-expectancy and instrumentality formulation. In his opinion Lamp (1968) argues that, in the earth full of wealth and wars of class interest lower-level needs such as psychological and safety are against the background of the modern behaviorists beliefs that argue that the needs are generally satisfied. This due to the fact that, in providing only a very thin range of needs on main issues affecting employees, the modern theorist persuades the modern world that there is no option to the solutions it provides to problems and the often ignored high-level needs are of crucial importance to employees. It is worth to note that, the significance of Godfather movie messages is directly linked to what is accounted and how it is reported. Godfather movie is bound with different formulations of theories and empirical thoughts about motivation, management literature views motivation as something imposed on an employee. Godfather (1972) movie puts much emphasis on leadership style when Don Corleone quotes that†¦.. I said that I would see you because I had heard that you were a serious man, to be treated with respect. But I must say no to you and let me give you my reasons. It’s true I have lots of friends in politics, but they wouldn’t be so friendly if they knew my business was drugs instead of gambling which they consider a harmless vice (1). Lamp (1968) opined that leadership behavior based on the X and Y assumption. Lamp (1968) succinctly states â€Å"management practice that demonstrates democratic leadership and employee participation, making employee feel real responsible for organization’s goals† (p.6) is of paramount importance. Lamp (1968) further adds that â€Å"leadership style is asserted to produce better results in productivity and job satisfaction, and motivates employees to achieve job objectives† (p.6). In his efforts Lamp (1968) observes that â€Å" motivation is a significant source of influence on a number of issues that lead to profound effect on the society and as such there exist pervasive interest in the value of management† (p.6) . In causing social change in the organization, Sinclair (2004) purports to trace leadership style influences to management practice that in turn motivate employees. Lamp (1968) mentions motivation theories to be coined in Likert motivational forces that include both economic rewards and the higher-level needs. Being agents of motivating the organization as whole, the manager spreads knowledge to vast population and as such it is part and parcel of wide range endeavors of promoting actions that are believed to have profound social transformations in that society. Likert’s approach embraces the entire need hierarchy and considers them as public relations instruments. Lamp (1968) cautions that â€Å"application of the basic principles of system for management should take into account the difference in the kind of work, industry tradition, and skills and values employees of a particular company† (p.6). Lamp (1968) studies consider a society as a group of isolated persons subjected to motivational factors. Lamp (1968) states that â€Å"this school of thoughts envisions the motivation factors as a needle syringe that infusion the opinions of the media producers into the minds of the target audience, who accept these opinions and principles† (p.6). He further provides Likert approaches to motivation are similar in nature to when he quoted that â€Å"they are broader in scope than, the above line of thinking is the call for an organization structure and work environment that would provide opportunity for internal and external integration, self-expression, employee participation and self-actualization â€Å"(p.5)†. Authors like Sinclair (2004) opinioned that â€Å"the traditional structure of rigid specialization, well-designed jobs, and standar d operating procedures (so –called bureaucratic-mechanic structure) can hardly provide such work environment whose basic ingredients of nature of task (involving technology and social and psychological processes), work group, and leadership† (p.5). Lamp (1968) observes that, the link between motivation and the modern popular culture is usually conceived in terms of spreading opinions from the privileged few to the general employees. He concludes that â€Å"only an adaptive-organic system can provide a high degree of job flexibility, initiative, variety, and attachment to match the varied interests and multiple talents of modern man† (p.6). Culture is very prevalent in Latin families as portrayed in The Godfather (1972) movie. For example, Lucas was delivering his rehearsal speech murmuring that†¦. Don Corleone, I am honored and grateful that you have invited me to your †¦.’s wedding†¦on the day of your daughter’s wedding. And I hope t heir first child be a masculine child. I pledge my ever-ending loyalty (1). In another argument, Tom Hagen tells Sonny that†¦. Nobody has ever gunned down a New York police captain before. It would be disasterous. All the other five families would turn against you. The Corleone family would be outcast. Even the old man’s protection would run for cover (1). Lamp (1968) argues that organization with dynamic technologies have the ability to motivate employees into goal-orientation. And that such organization is well suited to adaptive-organic structure and environment as mentioned in Frederick Herzberg which clearly distinguishes the two sets of needs. As quoted in Lamp (1968), Herzberg explains hygiene factors to include the â€Å"determine behavior on the job, but not motivate and argues that without proper provision for them cause job dissatisfaction and adds that â€Å"adequate provision of them only guarantees dissatisfaction while cannot lead to positive motivationà ¢â‚¬  (p.6). Lamp (1968) concludes by stating â€Å"since they are strongly motivating, they can’t also be de-motivating when they are not provided and they are satisfiers in nature† (p.6). In comparison with The Godfather movie, Herzberg theory seems to be greater in theory than the evidence provided for it. The theory is strictly defines an objective to mean two different things. For example, it defines one job factor to be a satisfier or a di-satisfier or not both at the same-time. This explanation is un-dimensional since one job factor can neither be the other and since they all seem to be interrelated in one occasional or the other. For example, money and inter-personal relations seem to be co-independent. Lamp (1968) argues that Herzberg theory â€Å"assumes that motivators and hygiene factors operate in the same fashion for everyone† (p.7). In summary, Lamp (1968) quotes that â€Å"needs are the origin of much of the human motivators and motivators have to be ignited by an appropriate organizational climate† (p.7). This is a situation whereby only the cultural attitudes and beliefs of the media employees are taken as standard measurements and beliefs of the society. A case in the study is that the implications of motivation are quite complex and delicate whereby the organization refuses to recognize employees’ efforts which were thought to be damaging to his interests in motivation. In what follows, we attempt to raise some questions on Godfather movie as an attempt to translate the conceptual knowledge into practice. As depicted in the movie, motivators depend on different societies, individuals and organizations and in essence, there is probably no universal motivator for all mankind. Achievement is generally recognized as a very crucial motivator factor to achieve the best results, but in many settings, such as the godfather movie, there are no well-defined, achievable task objectives set by the society or a functi on that is mutually agreed upon by individuals (Lamp 8). Further more, it is within the organization whereby leaders/directors create awareness of thorny issues in the society. When member of an organization understand such issues they change their attitudes and beliefs and the result is society’s social change. According to Lamp (1968), organization function as an instrument for formulating and evaluating public opinions, linking the world with thinkers and rebuilding the self picture of society. Without question, organization has brought significant social transformations over time in behavior models and cultural attitudes and norms. For instance, clear identification of group tasks and objectives and their relationships to individuals in a group and organization as a whole has brought remarkable social lasting impacts such the industrial revolution, the eradication of discrimination as well as effort recognition. To do this, Lamp (1968), states that there must be â€Å"op en, accurate, specific (not generalized) feedback available to the employees as to how he is doing† (p.8). This concept has however been without challenges. Many organizations have complained of its inability to implement employee motivation since it proves difficult to align organization goals or objective setting and performance feedback in the motivational tools (Lamp 8). Ethics As Cline (2011) provides, â€Å"ethical concepts is an association of people organized under system of rules† (p.1). He broadly defines ethical concepts as â€Å"rational examination of morality and evaluation of people’s behavior†. This provides rules and guidelines aligned with business objectives for the realization of business strategic goals (De George 2). Ethical concepts have enables coordination and management that ensures implementation of company planning to operate effectively. Overall success of an integrated business objective is stated by Cline (2011) as a â€Å"g uiding conduct and principles for evaluating rules rational based on formal laws† (p.1). This therefore implies that ethical conducts are indeed management function and requires the integration of both morality and evaluation of people’s behavior in a given setting. It also implies what Cline (2011) succinctly defines to be â€Å"morals are derived from society’s system of values† (p.1). The Godfather (1972) for example portrays its American culture as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I believe in America. America has made my fortune. And I raised my daughter in the American fashion. I gave her freedom but I taught her never to dishonor her family. She found a â€Å"boyfriend†, not an Italian. She went to the movies with him. She stayed out late. I didn’t protest. Tow months ago he took her for a drive, with another boyfriend. They made her drink whiskey and then tried to take advantage of her. She resisted. She kept the honor. So they beat her. Like an animal. When I went to the hospital her nose was broken (1). Kantian deontology is basically a duty based ethic. As Cline (2011) argues â€Å"good without qualification is a goodwill† (p.1). As a control and coordinative function, deontology is increasingly becoming important integration unit in many business application services. Cline (2011) further defines deontology as â€Å"Deontology as approaches in ethics usually constructed with teleological approaches† (p.1). The author is trying to explain that ethics have increased the global nature of interdependent to ethical conducts which in turn enhances business strategy. Kantian deontology is basically grounded in duty that requires people to be responsible to each other (Sheth 1994). Rule deontology on the other hand determines what Cline (2011) defines as â€Å"the basis for moral obligation, act on a rule that can be universally binding on all people† (p.1). In other words, deontology acts on the rule that ensures people are treated equally at the end. Kants moral theory is based on the assumptions that â€Å"views of the human being have the unique capacity for rationality† (p.1).This approach to ethical concepts has influenced the forces will see today. Business Ethics (2005) reasons that propensity applies to what he states as â€Å"reasoned thoughts and actions, and it’s exactly this ability which obliges us to act according with and for the sake of duty† (p.1). Their contribution and impacts sufficiently support Kant’s belief that argues in Business Ethics (2005) that â€Å"inclination, emotions and consequences should play no role in moral action† (p.3). This theory captures how emotions are applied and challenges moral actions. This simply implies that motivation for action should be equated with moral obligation. Business Ethics (2005) further adds that â€Å"morality should provide us with a framework of rational principles (rules) that guide and restrict action-independent of personal intentional and desires† (p.3). In this regard, deontology should be generally understood as a critical requirement to corporate principles and development inter-relationships that meet company’s needs. Consequently, realization of the need to make moral obligations importance to organization has become practical bringing with it an intertwined relationship business ethics and corporate strategy. Deontology definition tries to answer the following questions as stated in Ethical Concepts (2005) as â€Å"what is my moral duty, what are my moral obligation, how do I weigh one moral duty against another?† (p.2). In other words, deontology plans to integrate into the corporate system moral duties and obligation that are specific and adequate to allow understanding of each application, and to understand its procedural order of development. This simply means that organizations should provide a new checklist to ensure most critical priorities are met first. Therefore, if the best consequence such as happiness or pleasure has resulted from moral obligation, it means that the theory is utilitarianism because pleasure is the absolute good. Kant’s moral theory on the other hand argues in Business Ethics (2005) that â€Å"we are morally obliged to act in accordance with a certain set of principles/rules regardless of the outcome† (p.3). Evidently, deontology and utilitarian theories are polar opposites. In a given setting, utilitarianism is the most favored theory since it makes most people happy in a certain set of circumstances. Business Ethics (2005) mentions this as some of the ethical complications with utilitarianism. Business Ethics (2005) stresses the theory to â€Å"disregards the intrinsic value of all persons justifies of killing one to save many† (p.3). Put forward by Immanuel Kant in 1788, Kantian deontology is major ethical theory that applies to human conduct. Utilitarianism aim s at satisfying a specific goal such as happiness and pleasure and justifies any consequence of any act that achieves that goal precisely because it achieves it. Deontological theories on the other hand argue as provided by Business Ethics (2005) that â€Å"some acts are always wrong-even if they achieve morally admirable ends† (p.3). The same analysis explains an act, in deontology, as a morality that is constantly judged independently of its outcome. Unlike deontology, utilitarianism does not to equate the right with the good .Thus, if someone has the moral duty not to steal, then stealing is always wrong regardless if the consequences are harmful to others. Merely as a tool for understanding business ethics, utilitarianism is basically a consequence based while ethical relativism is subjective and cultural. Subjective relativism on other hand provides that the decisions to do right and wrong depends on an individual judgment- meaning that moral people can agree or differ o n moral issues. Finally, cultural relativism provides morals guidelines on which to determine right and wrong. Business Ethics (2005) states that â€Å"deontologists moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties† (p.3). He adds that, â€Å"to make the correct moral choices, we need to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties† (p.3). Deontologists argue in Business Ethics (2005) that â€Å"simply following the correct moral rules is often not sufficient; instead, we have to have the correct motivations† (p.3). While deontology is generally recognized as obligations individuals are required to adhere to, Business Ethics (2005) consider it as one of the most ethical source of moral duties and obligations. In reality, a person may not regard this as Business Ethics (2005) states as â€Å"immoral even though they have broken a moral rule, but only so long as they were motivated to adhere to some correct moral duty† (p.3). Change, Conflict and Decision Making Change refers to the organization change of behavior or attitudes in the relation to the use and application of natural resources. Overall, organizations primarily concentrate their efforts on organization goal either than directing their efforts to implementing strategies and tactics. For example, an organization can produce very good cosmetic products, but have employed zero efforts in creating change. Striving to create change in attitudes or behavior of employees as pointed by Mitchell (2005) is very useful when trying to create change in the way people use or manage resources. The following steps are required in recognizing change in an organization; Requires employees in different cluster and selecting individuals whose attitude or behavior need changing Careful selection of certain attitudes and behavior need changing and the reason be such changes Determining employees’ current perceptions, concerns and actions Investigating major development drivers and incentives required for change in an organization Barriers that impede change. These move will turn play a significant role in inspiring the marginalized sections of the organization to cause a social change. These barriers can be overcome by creating and maintaining dialogue with employees whose attitude and behaviors need to change. Interpret the message and transform new knowledge amongst team members. This requires involving employees in decision making process through team building in providing open and transparent consultation and negotiation mechanisms. Collaborative efforts from employees and organization require a partnership approach to enable the entire team to reach shared vision and attain specific targets. This could be first achieved by recognizing and appreciating employee’s values, concerns and needs. Overly, evaluating organization joint success against specific pre-set ta rgets will ensure an organization is moving to a certain direction. In management of conflict function, Mitchell (2005) states â€Å"organizations should try hard to understand other people’s view, listen reflectively to what they are saying and look for common grounds and visions† (p.6). She summarizes her article by pointing out that acknowledging employee’s expertise and focusing on their interests rather than positions they hold should be considered. In conclusion, separating people’s problem and that of organization and looking for solutions that considers employees needs should also be considered Communication Analysis With regards to effective dialogue, the idea of self understanding, competent communication and moral consciousness, we inevitably are struck with the idea of understanding the ways and reasons for having these qualities. In this case, Mitchell (2005) quotes â€Å"the need for a better understanding of collaboration in management and the need to deal with many of the facets of collaborations, including; recognizing and respecting areas of common ground† (p.3). Mitchell (2005) succinctly adds that â€Å"building on mutual strength for maximum benefits, sharing power, encouraging generosity and goodwill, having real purpose and not just getting together for the sake of it and acknowledging and respecting individual differences† (p.4) is of great importance. As discussed earlier, in order to truly get your ideas and thought s across to employees, you must be able to connect with the individual in certain ways. In order to do this the organization must establish a certain amount of trust with the employee while keeping their attention at the same time. Of course it is not easy to make collaborations happen, but striving to make working environment conducive for collaboration to occur is necessary. One of the easiest ways of gaining employees cooperation, connection and keep their attention at the same time is to encourage and support them. Since creating collaborative environment requires time and patience, cooperation from leaders and employees as a whole is required. Mitchell (2005) considers this a viable approach when he stated that â€Å"regulatory and institutional framework should be transparent, everyone know hoe this frameworks support collaborations or hinder† (p.4). Conclusion In perfecting communication language, organization should look into overcoming language barriers, without devaluing its usefulness. Also devising uniformity between all collaborations is of paramount importance. With regards to shared sense of place, the need to clearly define all power structures that exists within an organization with clear definitions is required. This can be done through moving within the society informing people about the tasks and clearly defining expectations, providing sound negations and acknowledging expectations of the group involved. With regards to credibility , Mitchell (2005) quotes that â€Å"a manager should determine and negotiate the credibility of those involved because of the acceptance of information is based on trust and respect† (p.5). In relation to skills, best and qualified employees should be highly considered in certain positions and collaborations should be regarded as part of the organizational culture. With regards to effective dialogue, the idea of self understanding, competent communication and moral consciousness, we inevitably are struck with the idea of understanding the ways and reasons for having these qualities. Ensuring all members of the organization are involved in decisions making so that relationships are established is also of paramount importance. Planning is indeed the foundation and the central element required for the success of any organization. Sound management requires strategic planning and setting of an organization in combination with the coordination and assembly of resources and employee s with the goal of reaching objectives. Business Ethics. â€Å"Business Ethics: Kantian Ethics (Deontology)†. Business  Concepts 1(2005): 1-4 Cline, Argos. â€Å"Deontology and ethics: What is Deontolgy, Deontological Ethics?†Ã‚  AboutCom 1 (2011): 1 De George, Richards. Business Ethics. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2010. Ethical Concepts. â€Å"Ethical Concepts and Theories†. Aboutcom 1 (2005): 137 â€Å"The Godfather†. 1972. Available at https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068646/quotes. Lamp, Li. â€Å"Human motivation in the work organization:theories and implications†.  Managerial Attitudes and Performance 1(1968): 1-11 Mitchell, Christopher. â€Å"Conflict, social change and conflict resolution†. Berghof  Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management 18 (2005): 1-25 Sheth, Japheth. â€Å"Deontology†. Journal of Philosophy 1 (1994): 1-2 Sinclair, Menefee. â€Å"Motivation in Organizations† . Learning Outcomes 12 (2004): 1-18

Merriam-Websters 2015 Word of the Year Isnt Even a Word

Merriam-Websters 2015 Word of the Year Isnt Even a Word Merriam-Webster’s 2015 Word of the Year Isn’t Even a Word Merriam-Webster’s 2015 Word of the Year Isn’t Even a Word By Mark Nichol The selection of -ism as Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year should be invalidated on a technicality- the dictionary publisher might choose, instead, to refer to the Morpheme of the Year- but the choice is an apt one, as multiple concepts whose names include that suffix have dominated recent public discourse. Merriam-Webster selects the Word of the Year and its competitors on the basis of the number of times visitors to its website search for a particular word and according to how strikingly that figure compares to the number of lookups from the previous year. Based on the results for 2015, the American public, apparently, is preoccupied with isms. Topmost among -ism words in the public consciousness, perhaps, is terrorism, a term referring to acts of violence perpetrated to intimidate people for political ends. Though terrorism has seemed to gain ubiquity only in the last couple of decades- in the United States, the terrorist attacks on New York City’s World Trade Center and on the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, prompted the nation’s preoccupation with the concept- the word was first used in the late eighteenth century, and of course the strategy is as old as political organization. A tangentially related concept, racism- referring to bigotry on the basis of ethnic origin- was also a popular search item at Merriam-Webster.com last year. (The intersection occurs because radical Muslims have been responsible for some notable recent atrocities in the United States and abroad, and many people conflate followers of Islam with a specific ethnic identity. However, though Islam began in Arabia and many early followers of the religion were Arabs, like Christianity, it is a worldwide phenomenon whose practitioners come from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.) The term is also in the news because many people view some of 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump’s views and proposed policies as racist. In addition, because of a rash of incidents across the United States in which white police officers have appeared to use excessive force against black crime suspects, many observers say that racism remains one of the most significant problems in American society. Another ism that Merriam-Webster highlighted is socialism. The term, referring to a political system in which the government controls the means of production and distribution of goods, is newsworthy for two reasons: Since early in the first of President Obama’s two terms, he has championed what are widely perceived as socialistic policies such as nationalized health care, and 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders, a self-proclaimed socialist, has received much publicity for discussing policies and programs associated with socialism. That term, thanks to political upheavals and international conflicts throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is fraught with negative connotation, so it’s no surprise that people have sought to investigate its meaning. (I’ll write about socialism and the related term communism in an upcoming post.) In my first paragraph, I suggested that -ism is ineligible for Word of the Year recognition because it’s not a word; it’s a morpheme, a unit of meaning (usually a prefix or a suffix) that is not an independent component of language. But later in the post, I twice wrote ism (once in plural form, and then in singular construction) as if it’s a word. Why? Because it is a word, used to refer collectively to a nebulous set of social concepts. But -ism, by virtue of that hyphen, is a mere morpheme with a different meaning: Unlike ism, it does not stand on its own to refer to a category of concepts; it is a suffix subordinate to the many nouns it serves, altering the noun’s meaning to denote a system of thought related to that noun. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceCapitalization Rules for the Names of GamesDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Courts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Courts - Research Paper Example The court systems that interpret and put the la into practice are called the judiciary. The courts have the jurisdiction to deliver verdicts after A successful trial (Janda, 2008). Reforming the organization of courts In order to enhance the judicial court system delivery, various elementary measures ought to be instilled into correct use. These include aspects of administration that aim at enhancing service delivery to the public and the corporate world. Parties who present their cases ought to feel at home and well served. To achieve these rectifications in the operations of the courts has to be altered for the good of the people. The judicial branches sought to be transformed immediately. This spells out modes of selection of judges; the ways that they are punished and evaluated according to their performance and overall delivery to services presented to them, this practice ensures that the decisions or verdicts arrived at are credibly justifiable and correct (Janda, 2008). The ve rdict delivered in this case should be free from bias or personal conveniences. Thus, this practice of judicial reform uses or results into the citizens or involved parties served by the courts developing profound trust in the judicial system and, thus, is more likely to cooperate in ensuring that anything unlawful is punished accordingly. Go further enhance judicial efficient and fruitful judicial conduct in handling of cases; the ministry of justice has to distribute capital reinforcement required in the maintenance of the courts and related affairs. This money is supposed to be remitted to the treasury and its use highly scrutinized all through to enhance proper use. Thus, with this kind of reinforcement, the court will have reformed positively and directed towards quality legal service delivery for welfare of the entire community. To increase the speed of service delivery in courts and the entire judicial affiliations, several correctional policies ought to be inculcated in the progression of the court processes. Basically, one of the chief quandaries that hamper quickly an effectual service delivery in courts and entire judicial affiliations is the prevalence of backlog due to slow or extremely ineffective legal service delivery systems that only involves overdependence on human skill only and does not involved use of enhancing techniques. F or instance, in many law courts, the judges, justices, lawyers and other personnel in the workforce usually work depending only on their physical abilities. These abilities include the use of extensive hardcopy filing systems in their records and references (Jones, 2003). They therefore have to carry with them the cumbersome documents for use during court processions. This is tiresome and brings about sluggishness in the solving of cases during court processions. Thus, as a corrective and enhancive measure to combat the imminent sluggishness in law interpretation and applications, computers have to be utilized in the courts and related associations. These computers can be used to store information in form of files, in translation systems, in doing of camerawork and in the monitoring of security in the court rooms. Introduction of computers in the court therefore counteracts the trade offs and pitfalls that slow down theses processes. Enhancement of quick disposition of cases is, thus, buffered, creating more opportunities to